Description of the subject. The peatlands of the Congo Basin represent one of the largest terrestrial organic carbon reservoirs globally and play a critical role in climate regulation, biodiversity conservation, and the livelihoods of surrounding communities.

Objective. This study assesses socio-economic dynamics and anthropogenic pressures affecting peatland ecosystems in the villages of Lokolama and Mpenzele, located in the Bikoro Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Methods. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining field observations, socio-economic household surveys, focus group discussions, and spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Results. The results indicate that local livelihoods are predominantly based on agriculture (35 %), followed by fishing (16 %), non-timber forest product harvesting (14 %), hunting (11 %), artisanal activities (10 %), cassava retting (8 %), and the extraction of construction materials (6 %). Comparative analysis reveals a higher diversification of livelihood activities in Lokolama than in Mpenzele, indicating greater socio-economic resilience. However, the expansion of agricultural land and intensified exploitation of natural resources are exerting increasing pressure on peatland ecological integrity, with potential risks of hydrological disturbance and enhanced greenhouse gas emissions.

Conclusion. These findings emphasize the need for sustainable management strategies that integrate indigenous knowledge systems, ecosystem conservation, and the socio-economic needs of local populations in order to ensure the long-term sustainability of peatland ecosystem services.